Щелочные аккумуляторы

Practical interest in redox flow batteries (RFB) has arisen in recent decades due to the intensive development of alternative energy (such as solar and wind) and the regulation of peak loads in industrial electrical networks. It turns out that large-scale energy storage devices to compensate for fluctuations in solar and wind energy generation and to reduce peak loads in industrial electrical networks and power supply systems for large households are more profitable when redox flow batteries are used.

The publications of the recent 15 years devoted to using lithium metal in rechargeable batteries are analyzed and their short overview is presented.

The results of the study of the electrochemical reduction of multilayer graphene oxide in the potentiostatic mode are presented and the possibility of using alkaline electrolyte (KOH) with the concentration below 0.1 M is shown. The identification of the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide was carried out using the XRD, FTIR and Raman-spectroscopy methods. Applying the method of Raman spectroscopy the increase in the intensity of the G and 2D bands, indicating the formation of few-layer forms of reduced graphene oxide was found.

Effects of current density and potential scan rate upon reversible and irreversible processes at lithium intercalation into graphite were studied by gaivanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry correspondingly. Lithium was intercalated from 1 M LiClO₄ in a propylene carbon- ate-dimethoxyethane mixture. The current density rise is shown to result in lowering of reversible capacity, whereas irreversible one is marginally dependent on current density.

The paper suggests a new way of more effective use of nickel in the production of alkaline cells with pocket-plate oxide-nickcl electrodes which also helps reduce pollution of the environment.

It is experimentally proved, that electrochemical properties of foamgraphite are determined by a mode of the first cycle of a charge (a mode of formation of a superficial layer on carbon). It is shown, that the mode of a charge with application of high density of a current (a mode of short circuit) creates conditions of formation superficial isolation multifunctional layer (IML) on a carbon material mainly from a carbonate of lithium.

Cathodic materials based on Li₂CuO₂ are synthesized by cryochemical technique. The Li₂CuO₂ anomalous electrochemical behavior during lithium intercalation-deintercalation is shown to be fundamental feature. Such behavior is not connected with chemical mhomogenitv Low synthesis rate of Li₂CuO₂ at temperatures lower than 700°C can be explained by nearness of the low-temperature border of thermodynamic stability range.

The optimal conditions for synthesis of lithium metazirconate phase with minimal contaminations has been determined using thermodynamic modeling method three routs were considers: solid state synthesis; sol-gel method and cocrystallization from nitrate solution. The results of calculations were proved by experiment. The sol-gel method was found to be most appropriate. The feasibility of control of product dispersion was shown.

The article contains basic principles of lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries production. Examined arc different constructions of power sources, methods of electrode production, assembly, formations and cells storage. Attention is also drawn to the problems of the batteries quality and safety insurance.

The article reviews and analyses a number of papers on physical-chemical properties of nickel hydroxide. Attention has been paid to the modifications of nickel hydroxide crystal structure and the existing ways of its synthesis. The main steps of building a physically-based model of proton mass transport in nickel-oxide electrodes are presented and the most effective methods of nickel hydroxide activation are defined.