Топливные элементы

The information on volumetric properties for a following most often of used aprotic solvents acetonitrile, γ-butirolactone, 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofurane, 1,2-dimetoxyethane, methyl acetate, 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, tetrahydrofurane and thionylchloride are considered. The temperature dependencies of density, specific and molar volumes, structural radiuses of molecules of solvents and coefficients of packaging of molecules of solvents are described.

State-of-the-art development of the reversible electrochemical systems with proton-exchange membrane for cyclic direct and reverse transformation of electric energy to the chemical ones is considered in this review. Concept of reversible cells and areas of theirs application are described. Possible schemes of organization of the reversible systems operation, and catalytic, electrode and membrane materials used in them are analyzed.

The article contains the review of scientific-technical publications concerning a use of borohydrides in fuel cells and chemical generator over a period of 2000–2009. Their scientific basis principles of operation, prospects of utilization, and possible technologies are examined.

A technology for hydrometallurgical processing of lamellar nickel-oxide electrodes is proposed to increase the nickel usage efficiency at production of alkaline batteries with simultaneous reduction of environmental pollutions.

The possibility to design hermetically-sealed nickel-cadmium high-capacity batteries with a pressure inside not higher than 0.2 atmex for carriages is shown.

Possible cases of iron pollution of the active masses of lamellar-type nickel-oxide electrodes in nickel-iron and nickel-cadmium-iron batteries are analyzed on the basis of our own studies as well as literature data.

On the basis of cells Escherichia coli the microbial mediator anode is developed for process of oxidation of glucose and conditions of its work in a model of a microbial fuel cell in which as the cathode it is used dioxideleaden electrode are optimized.

High temperature method was used to synthesize PtCo/C catalysts on the basis of various precursors. It was shown using the RDE method that a catalytic system with low Pt content (5.0 wt.% Pt + 1.5 wt.% Со) synthesized on the basis of H₂PtCl₆ and Co phthalocyanine on carbon black ХС72 demonstrates the highest electrocatalytic activity due to the formation of highly dispersed Pt₃Co alloy particles. This was confirmed by XPS studies.

The change in phase composition, dispersibility and morphology of ?-, ?- and ?-lithium aluminates, which are the components of molten carbonate fuel cell were investigated after long exposure in Li/KCO₃ (62/38 vol.%) eutectic melt under H₂, H₂ + CO₂ (20-mol.%) and 0.33 O₂ + 0.67 CO₂ atmospheres at 650°C. ?- , ?- , ?- aluminates and their mixtures were found to transform into ?-phase under oxidative atmosphere. Under reducing atmosphere both ?- and ?-phases always coexist.

By the methods of isothermal solubility, 19F NMR spectroscopy and also by implementation of ab initio quantum – chemical calculations the kinetics is explored and thermodynamics of reactions of double exchange in the systems K(Na)RF6 – LiBF4 – propylene carbonate – dimethyl carbonate. A method is offered of receipt of electrolytes on the basis of LiРF6 and mixtures of carbonate ethers. An electrolyte successfully is tested in elements with the hard cathodes.