Водородная энергетика

In this work the main principles used in the development of portable power source based on fuel cells with indirect oxidation of sodium borohydride are described, the general arrangement of this power source is shown, and its operating mechanism is described. The proposed power source has a number of advantages over existing portable power sources. The application of alkaline fuel cells enables to discard expensive solid-polymer electrolyte, catalysts and constructional materials that will lead to significant decrease of the power source cost.

Melts based on lithium salts are applied in various branches of engineering and scientific research. This requires improved methods to search for low-melting compounds and data on phase equilibria in systems of three or more components. We developed computational and experimental method for determining the composition of ternary eutectic for inorganic systems, which is tested on twenty systems of lithium salts, as well as three-component systems containing lithium iodide.

By cyclic voltammetry in alkaline solution investigatied electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of polymeric phthalocyanines and Macroheterocyclic compounds with cobalt. Influence of change of potentials in area from 0,5 to-1,4 B and speeds of scanning from 5 to 100 mV/s on cyclic I-E-curves and redox-transformations of catalysts is studied.

To increase the specific characteristics of the surface electrodes, used in the lead accumulators it is necessary to exclude the influence of the internal stress in the paste which is obtained by the electrochemical way. One of the variants of the solutions of this problem is the electrochemical obtaining the paste under the pressure directed to the surface of the forming paste.

The manufacturing techniques nickel oxide electrode with a basis from a nickelized carbon fibre are offered. Comparative research of electrochemical characteristics (specific electric capacity, the self-category) pre-production models with a control industrial sample an nickel oxide electrode with a ceramic-metal basis carried out. It is established, that application of a basis from a nickelized carbon fibre allows to reduce the charge of nickel and his alloys, to simplify manufacturing techniques of an electrode.

The possibility of the use of impedance spectroscopy using an impulse method of step current change and recording voltage change in during time at the terminals of a cell with subsequent Fourier transform of the input signal and the response to it to assess the current state of Li-cell. It is proposed use of current pre-impulse in order to minimize the influence of passive film. It is substantiated an algorithm based on the measurements of impedance phase for determining of residual capacity.

The complex oxides Li_{1 + x}Ni_{1 / 3}Co_{1 / 3}Mn_{1 / 3}O₂ were obtained by solid state method. The conclusion about influence of lithium concentration on Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺ ions ratio in Li_{1 + x}Ni_{1 / 3}Co_{1 / 3}Mn_{1 / 3}O₂ is made. Monotonous decrease of g-factor value identified by EPR method testifies the intensification of local exchange interactions with temperature descent.

Lithium ions intercalation into the laser-exposed nanodisperse ТiO₂ had been analyzed and its research results are given. The modes of laser treatment, when the degree of the ``quest'' load and, accordingly, specific energy capacity of the proper electrochemical current sources achieves a maximum, are experimentally set. Thermodynamical pecularities of current forming and lithium ions intrusion into the cathode material are set. Electrochemical source discharge capability analyzed in scope of laser-exposed ТiO₂ using.

Concentrated water-alkaline mixtures of sodium and potassium borohydrides and borates are used as fuel and a hydrogen source in hydrogen power engineering, including low-temperature fuel cells. The performance of such mixtures is determined by their physicochemical properties. An algorithm to calculate the density, viscosity, and specific electric conductivity of mixed solutions of the five-component water + salt system (Na,K)BH₄ + (Na,K)BO₂ + (Na,K)OH + H₂O based on the quasiadditivity of these properties is proposed.

The development of nickel-cadmium batteries with high energy capacious electrodes is described. Selection and development of technology of manufacturing nickel-oxide electrodes based on nickel-plated carbon and graphite felt materials are considered. Discharge characteristics of the electrodes are analysed.