Электролиты для химических источников тока

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2018-18-1-26-47

The critical analysis of literature of last 15 years, concerning solid polymer electrolytes with Na⁺-ion-conductivity is presented. True polymer electrolytes as well as gel-polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVdF–HFP, PMMA, Nafion are reviewed. Special attention is paid for temperature dependence of conductivity.

The article provides a list of currently known electrolytes for creating rechargeable chemical current sources with a magnesium anode. Among them are electrolytes containing and not containing chlorides, as well as boron- and aluminum-centric electrolytes as liquid electrolytes. Examples of thickened, polymeric and solid electrolytes are given. Summary tables on the properties of solvents and liquid solutions of electrolytes are given.

The main idea of the book is that, depending on the addressed problem, different approaches are to be used; macro constructs are to be worked with in some cases, micro and nano in others. Biosensors considered are electrochemical, optical, atomic force microscopy-based; biofuel cells that develop the idea of electrochemical biosensors are intended for a double purpose of cleaning up the environment and working out electrical energy.

The results of the studies of the electrochemical synthesis of multilayer graphene oxide were presented, and the possibility of using it as an electrode material of the supercapacitor was shown. In an alcohol suspension the thickness of the particles of multilayer graphene oxide was less than 0.1 ?m with an area of more than 100 ?m². The graphene oxide-based electrode has a high specific capacity of 107 F?g ^{? 1} and a high charge retention rate of 97% after 5000 cycles.

The paper considers the electrochemical properties of potassium polytitanate synthesized at the values of pH varying from 3 to 8 in a wide temperature range from ? 26 to + 80°C. The conductivity values and the activation energy were determined with the help of the method of impedance spectroscopy. The application of the obtained material used as a ceramic solid electrolyte in the energy storage units operating at low temperatures in the Far North is considered in the article.

Modern technology causes the renewal of the interest to physical and chemical properties of solid oxide electrodes. Among these, PbO₂/substrate has attracted considerable attention due to its application as an electrode in backup current sources. It was shown that the stable and active lead dioxide coating can be produced by appropriate pretreatment of the titanium substrate, including the coating of the substrate with colloidal graphite.

Practical interest in redox flow batteries has arisen in recent decades as a result of intensive development in the field of alternative energy (such as solar and wind) and the control of peak loads in industrial electrical networks. It turned out that large-scale energy storage systems used to compensate fluctuations in the process of solar and wind generation of energy in the production of electric vehicles and power supply systems for large households, are more profitable when working on redox flow batteries.